Wrapped Like a Prized Gift
A research paper written about Jeanne-Claude and Christo’s 1995 project, Wrapped Reichstag.
I. Introduction
Wrapped is a series of temporary art installations that were created by Christo Vladimirov Javacheff (1935–2020) and Jeanne-Claude Denat de Guillebon (1935–2009), beginning in the early 1960s and continuing to this day. These projects consist of various objects wrapped in fabric, so as to remove their defining features. The pair began with small everyday objects and furniture but quickly moved to more ambitious projects such as “wrapping” the Reichstag Building in Berlin, Germany, in 1995, in over 100,000 square meters of silver fabric. According to an Art News article published after Christo’s death in May 2020, the wrappings have the goal of “effectively deconstructing and reconstructing the way we think about how those structures function with respect to their surrounding landscapes”.[1] Obscuring all but the general form of an object gives it a different relationship to its surroundings. It appears as a distinct object set apart from the landscape, void of context and waiting for its meaning to be filled in.
The Wrapped Reichstag helps the West move on after the Cold War by transforming uncertainty and pain into optimism and hope, and has had a lasting impact on architecture’s relationship to popular culture in the twenty-first century. The project created an aura of joy and light-heartedness that permeated every level of Berlin’s society despite the tension of the Reunification process. The ephemerality of the installation reminds us that past pains and fears are finite and can be moved on from, and its profound symbolism of rebirth and renewal has made its way into both contemporary art and architecture, and broader popular culture.
[1] Greenberger, Alex. 2020. “Christo Dead: Famed Sculptor Dies of Natural Causes at 84.” ARTnews.com. ARTnews.com. May 31, 2020. https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/christo-dead-wrappings-sculptures-1202689250/.
II. Background (1884-1989)
The Wrapped series was conceptualized in 1958 when the Bulgarian-born Christo and Jeanne-Claude, the daughter of a French-Moroccan military family, began experimenting with wrapping household objects in various materials. Rejecting the rigidity, strictness and, repression of their respective backgrounds, they joined the French avant-garde art scene seeking artistic and personal freedom. As students of the Situationist and Nouveau Réalisme movements, they were fascinated by the concepts of changing the way reality is perceived and the subversion and hijacking, or détournement, of the status quo. Christo produced Project for a Wrapped Public Building, the first iteration of a concept that would become his life’s work and magnum opus, in 1961. The piece is a collage of a large rectangular building draped in cloth which stands in stark contrast to the “otherwise ordered urban environment.”[1] In seeking to create a landscape that breathes new life into an existing order, they likely could not have found a better canvas than Berlin’s Reichstag.
Berlin in the late 20th century is the place where Western decadence and consumerism and Communist uniformity and oppression meet, and the Reichstag is the most charged building in the city. The Reichstag was constructed beginning in 1884 under Kaiser Wilhelm I by the Frankfurt-based architect Paul Wallot to be the seat of the Imperial Diet. The project was controversial and marred with political and bureaucratic pressure that eventually created an assemblage of different styles that left few satisfied. After Wilhelm II abdicated following the German Revolution of 1918, Phillipp Scheidermann proclaimed the Weimar Republic from the building’s balcony. During the turbulent years to follow, it would become the site of protests, massacres, and unrest culminating in the Reichstag Fire of 1933, which was used as a pretext by the Nazi Party to effectively abolish the Republic. When Berlin fell in 1945, the building was abandoned and was still in that same ruined state when the eccentric artists first pitched their proposal to a stunned West German Parliament at Bonn in 1976. Though this first proposal failed, the artists continued to work towards it until 1995 when the “essence of the Reichstag” would finally be revealed.[2]
[1] Swartz, Anne. “Christo and Jeanne-Claude.” The Encyclopedia of Sculpture (2004): 317-320.
[2] “Christo and Jeanne-Claude.” christojeanneclaude.net. 2021. https://christojeanneclaude.net/artworks/wrapped-reichstag/.
III. Reunification (1989-1995)
Berlin at the end of the 20th century was a city full of tension, discomfort, and uncertainty. The preparation for Reunification involved a significant overhaul of the city’s infrastructure, and the question of how to reincorporate 16 million people from a country that was economically and culturally stuck in the 1950s loomed large in the minds of politicians and citizens. In the background of all of this uncertainty, there was still the lingering pain of the World Wars, the confusion about what German identity post-reunification would look like, and other nations’ fears about the possibility of this united, economically powerful country causing even more bloodshed in the future. In a way, this tension and discomfort was the perfect backdrop for such an outlandish project. East German journalist for Der Spiegel, Monika Maron, wrote that the proposal barely phased her when she first heard about it, as “the absurdity of the Berlin Wall could not be surpassed, only added to.” In contrast to the Wall, the Wrapping of Germany’s most important building “struck me as perfectly logical.”[1]
The Berlin Wall fell on November 9, 1989, and Berlin suddenly was thrust back into the spotlight as one of Europe’s economic and cultural centers. For almost fifty years the city was “a showcase for competing political ideologies” where East and West violently collided. Not willing to keep that stigma, Berlin underwent a massive program of urban reinvention. Two schools of thought emerged about how the city should progress, one based on conforming to modern sensibilities and the other on preservation and adaptive reuse.[2] As such, the Reichstag, though free of much of the bureaucratic squabbling that defined urban planning elsewhere in the city, was pressured by these political interests and Norman Foster’s restoration was forced to take on certain elements that limited his creativity. Still, Foster managed to get his message across, and one can see the continuity between his messaging and the ideas Christo and Jeanne-Claude were also trying to present. The new design demonstrates “an understanding of history, a commitment to public accessibility and a vigorous environmental agenda.” Journalist Deyan Sudjic said that the restoration is both “a memorial to the past [and] a departure from history.”[3]
Similarly, the debate of Historikerstreit had been raging since the 1980s. The question of how Germany should view the atrocities of the Nazi regime, which had broader implications of how other countries should view their past, was fiercely debated. The main disputes included whether the Holocaust is unique in history, whether there is any sort of moral equality between the crimes of the Nazis, the Soviets, or even the Western Allies, and whether nationalism is acceptable in a modern, globalizing world.
[1] Monika Maron, “A Gigantic Plaything” [“Ein gigantisches Spielzeug”], Der Spiegel, July 3, 1995, pp. 24-25
[2] Rogier, Francesca. “Growing Pains: From the Opening of the Wall to the Wrapping of the Reichstag.” Assemblage, no. 29 (1996): 44-71. doi:10.2307/3171394.
[3] Douglass-Jaimes, David. 2018. “AD Classics: New German Parliament, Reichstag / Foster + Partners.” ArchDaily. October 25, 2018. https://www.archdaily.com/775601/ad-classics-new-german-parliament-reichstag-foster-plus-partners.
IV. A Controversial Installation
As the Bundestag was preparing to move the German capital from Bonn back to the newly reunited Berlin, Jeanne-Claude and Christo were tasked with inserting an outlandish and light-hearted intervention in the midst of all the tension. They had to contend with various schools of cultural thought and fight through political red tape, all while trying to keep their messaging intact and complementing Norman Foster’s lofty ideals. The moment was over twenty years in the making but it is hard to imagine the project taking place at any other time before or after. Taken together with the remodeling of the building, the movement of the capital, and the new millennium, Wrapped seems to fit perfectly in the timeline. In spite of these optimistic trends, criticism from average citizens all the way up to Chancellor Helmut Kohl himself echoed the idea that German history and the integrity of certain sites are not to be tampered with. But, the artists felt that tampering with these sacred pieces is exactly what the German people need.
Covering up a distinctive building hides its defining elements and invites the viewer to treat it as a blank canvas. All throughout its history, the building was a symbol of authority and propaganda, being used by both Imperial Germany and the Nazi Reich as its general assembly and used for propaganda shows and protests during the Nazi regime and Soviet occupation. It also became a symbol in some of the most iconic images of World War II and the postwar order, including the iconic 1945 photograph Raising a Flag Over the Reichstag, which touts Soviet supremacy and the crushing of the German spirit. Sitting vacant since the Fall of Berlin, the building was asking for a new purpose, and West Germans saw it as a beacon of hope. But it would take a forceful separation from the painful context in order to truly unlock its potential as such a beacon.
Many higher-ups in German society, including journalists and legislators, were hesitant, seeing it as a vanity project. Frank Schirmacher, a journalist from the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, famously said of the project in 1994 that it was nur Selbstzweck ‒ “simply an end in itself” ‒ that would only serve to divide.[1] One of the fiercest opponents of it was Wolfgang Schäuble, then a Representative and now President of the Bundestag, who argued that the Reichstag was one of Germany’s few symbols of unity and national pride. “[The Reichstag] should not be the subject of experimentation,” the CDU/CSU leader argued in a fiery speech on February 25, 1994, “wrapping the Reichstag would not unite, it would polarize.” Moreover, the masses will not understand it and it will only confuse and scare them. Vice President Burkhard Hirsch echoed his sentiments, claiming that “in our country, there should and there must still be things that are not available for private pastimes”[2]. These criticisms hint at the underlying unease and fear of the German people at losing what makes them unique in the quest to grow and redefine their identity in the new, modern world. Firing back at Schäuble’s remarks, Peter Conradi of the Social Democrats argued that “this wrapping will insult neither the Reichstag building nor German history […] like a prized gift, the Reichstag will become more valuable, not less”. Conradi gets to the heart of what the artists wanted to create, a respectful and loving act that pushes the country forward and converts the negative energy of historic pains and fears into motivation and optimism for a brighter future. Conradi concludes that Wrapping the Reichstag will be “a positive sign; a beautiful, illuminating signal that fosters hope, courage and self-confidence.”[3] By a vote of 292 to 223, Conradi emerged victorious and preparations would soon be made to wrap the Schloss dem Deutschen Volke in over 100,000 square meters of silver tarp.
Berlin, and the world, waited with uneasy anticipation as over 200 workers covered the Parliament Building with fabric, aluminum, and rope, and the project was unveiled on June 24, 1995. The most liberal estimates guessed that they would have around half of a million visitors – instead, they got ten times that. Monika Maron calls the installation “a gigantic plaything”.[4] The atmosphere of the event was joyful, lively, and light-hearted, and the Platz der Republik felt like a theme park. One could easily forget that just over 50 years ago the city was in ruins and under Allied occupation, and a mere five years ago the physical manifestation of the Iron Curtain stood just east of the building. Early in the morning on June 25, eager spectators broke through the fence, not to do any harm but just because they wanted to touch the fabric, according to a security guard who was present. Security was initially nervous at this development but eventually laughed it off, and it was difficult to find any face not laughing or at least smiling for the next two weeks.
Everyone there, even the sober politicians, elitist critics, and other skeptics, were jovial and optimistic. Everyone who was previously downtrodden used the wrapped building as a “projection surface for everything they miss in their city and in themselves.” More importantly, Berlin could temporarily forget the stress, fear, and confusion that brought it to this point and just enjoy the party, “because it needed a party.”[5]
[1] Frank Schirrmacher, “Den Reichstag verpacken?” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, (23 February 1994).
[2] Jelavich, Peter. “The Wrapped Reichstag: From Political Symbol to Artistic Spectacle.” German Politics & Society 13, no. 4 (37) (1995): 110-27. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23736267.
[3] The New York Times. 2021. “Wrapping the Reichstag: Christo Gets a Go-Ahead (Published 1994),” https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/26/arts/wrapping-the-reichstag-christo-gets-a-go-ahead.html.
[4] Maron, “A Gigantic Plaything”, 24-25.
[5] Ibid.
V. Two Weeks
Though only lasting for a mere two weeks, the Wrapped Reichstag is firmly a part of the building’s history. No matter how small, it is a pivotal stage in the building’s lifespan, just as twelve years of Nazi rule and forty years of communist division are no less significant when held against the over one millennium of German civilization. In a 2019 interview with the BBC, Christo said that that point is the crux of his project. “Th[e visitors] knew that they were seeing something that would never happen again,” he said, “after two weeks, it was gone forever. It cannot be repeated. Something happened which will stay forever in that particular, unique moment.”[1] True to their roots as Situationists, they were using this opportunity to create a Situation, a unique and liberating event that is both extremely fleeting and extremely powerful.
This idea of ephemerality is also precisely why it resonates with the German people so much and why it is so important today. By realizing the fleetingness of historical events and pains, accepting their place in history, and moving forward after them, post-Cold War Germany was able to heal. It helped them come to terms with the atrocities and strive towards a better future. Furthermore, it is a resumption of a history that had been stopped. For many years the Reichstag was doomed to be frozen in time, keeping the building and the people who view it perpetually stuck on May 2, 1945. The country could not heal until the building was allowed to be reborn and continue moving forward in time. According to then-Bundestag President Rita Süssmuth, this project was a chance to encounter “an edifice that is so important both to their tradition and their future” in a new way. The Reichstag was perhaps the only place in the world where past and future coexisted.[2]
One might argue then that the abundant photographs, memorabilia, and merchandise about the project defeat its purpose. As fellow Situationist Guy Debord might claim, the commodification of this work makes it a Spectacle, a surface-level work that appeals to the lowest common denominator and distracts from the larger issues.[3] Paradoxically, however, this “proof of existence” needs to persist. Christo rightly argues that the experience of the Wrapped Reichstag is a fixed moment in time, a specific set of feelings and interactions that only those who were in the Platz der Republik in that historic summer of 1995 will ever know. The same can be said of any historical event, documented or not. For those of us who were not there, we only know of Wrapped via second-hand sources, the same way we know the Fall of Berlin, the Reichstag Fire, and the proclamation of the Weimar Republic. Residue of history is left behind and persists as long as there are people to see it, getting progressively more alien as time goes on, but is never forgotten.
[1] “The Public Art Project That Entranced Post-Cold War Berlin.” 2019. BBC News. June 12, 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/av/stories-48597551.
[2] The New York Times. 2021. “Christo Sets His Sights on Wrapping Reichstag (Published 1993),” 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/07/arts/christo-sets-his-sights-on-wrapping-reichstag.html.
[3] Debord, Guy. “Chapter 2: ‘Commodity as Spectacle.’” In Society of the Spectacle. Detroit, MI: Black & Red, 1970.
VI. The Wrapped Reichstag Today
While the idea of buildings serving as symbols, particularly in regards to cultural changes and revivals, is certainly not new, this concept has become much more mainstream in the past few decades thanks in large part to the Wrapped Reichstag. Motifs of the project such as deriving optimism from a building with formerly negative connotations, restoring and modernizing it after a crisis, and an event centered around its symbol wrapping and unveiling, continue to define urban revitalization efforts around the Western world. Similarly, new adaptive reuse projects take inspiration from Wrapped in their attempts to balance respecting the historic character while also creating something wholly new, and the public continues to be fascinated by projects that obscure or distort architecture to convey a political or cultural message.
One such building that could be seen as a spiritual successor to the Wrapped Reichstag and that embodies many of the concepts popularized by the project is the Louisiana Superdome, a football stadium in New Orleans. On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina, the costliest tropical cyclone in history, touched down in New Orleans. The city was far from prepared from such a massive storm, and it left severe damage that persists to this day. The stadium was used as a shelter of last resort for over 20,000 residents who could not flee the city. The lack of supplies, the rampant crime within the shelter, the caving of the roof, and other issues, caused the Superdome to become associated with despair for the city.[1] Though expected to take over 3 years, the stadium’s restoration was finished in time for the New Orleans Saints’ home opener on September 25, 2006. This now legendary, aptly named “Rebirth Game” was an event on par with the Wrapped Reichstag, and began with a symbolic unveiling of the gate which was draped in black and gold fabric. The event included concerts, a coin toss by President George W. Bush, and the then-largest viewership of any NFL game in history.[2] As the city healed and celebrated a symbol of pain transformed into a symbol of hope, the former worst team in the league soon rocketed to a Super Bowl championship in 2009. The restoration of the Superdome represented a rebirth and optimistic future for not only the team but the entire city.
Architecturally, the concept of a building veiled and transformed can be seen in some modern adaptive reuse efforts, such as the restoration of La Samaritaine in Paris, France. A former department store that was closed for safety concerns in 2005, it was restored by the Japanese architecture firm SANAA and the French architects Édouard François and François Brugel. The building was renovated and restructured into a complex with a hotel, a department store, social housing, offices, and a nursery. The historic Art Deco and Art Nouveau façades are restored and encased in a rippling glass wall which allows the existing facade to be seen, but slightly distorted.[3] Another, less monumental work is that of Polish artist Piotr Janowski, who wraps derelict buildings in aluminum foil in order to bring attention to Warsaw’s lack of affordable housing. He also, knowingly or unknowingly echoing Jeanne-Claude and Christo, says that the installation is his way of bridging the past and future, and “symbolically make [the city’s] destroyed beauty reborn.”[4]
Berlin is now one of the largest, wealthiest, and most visited cities in Europe, having been reborn from the ashes of the carnage of the twentieth century in an unprecedented recovery. Serving as both a footnote to the ruined, divided, old Berlin and the foundation of the new, united World City is Jeanne-Claude and Christo’s Wrapped Reichstag, which symbolizes the new era and the optimism it brings. Germany, and the world, are still reeling from the effects of the World Wars and the Cold War, but their work reminds us that the painful events are in the past and that there is something new on the horizon.
[1] Scott, Nate. 2015. “Refuge of Last Resort: Five Days inside the Superdome for Hurricane Katrina.” For the Win. For The Win. August 24, 2015. https://ftw.usatoday.com/2015/08/refuge-of-last-resort-five-days-inside-the-superdome-for-hurricane-katrina
[2] The New York Times. 2021. “An Emotional Recovery (Published 2006),” 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/26/sports/football/26saints.html.
[3] “SANAA’s Rippling Glass Façade Bookends ‘La Samaritaine’ Restoration.” 2019. Designboom | Architecture & Design Magazine. March 10, 2019. https://www.designboom.com/architecture/la-samaritaine-paris-sanaa-department-store-edouard-francois-hotel-03-10-2019/.
[4] Jewell, Nicole. 2019. “Derelict Building Is Wrapped in Tin Foil to Protest Lack of Affordable Housing in Warsaw…” Inhabitat.com. Inhabitat. February 6, 2019. https://inhabitat.com/derelict-building-is-wrapped-in-tin-foil-to-protest-lack-of-affordable-housing-in-warsaw/.
Bibliography
Debord, Guy. Society of the Spectacle. Detroit, MI: Black & Red, 1970.
Douglass-Jaimes, David. 2018. “AD Classics: New German Parliament, Reichstag / Foster + Partners.” ArchDaily. October 25, 2018. https://www.archdaily.com/775601/ad-classics-new-german-parliament-reichstag-foster-plus-partners.
Frank Schirrmacher, “Den Reichstag verpacken?” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, (23 February 1994).
Greenberger, Alex. 2020. “Christo Dead: Famed Sculptor Dies of Natural Causes at 84.” ARTnews.com. ARTnews.com. May 31, 2020. https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/christo-dead-wrappings-sculptures-1202689250/.
Jelavich, Peter. “The Wrapped Reichstag: From Political Symbol to Artistic Spectacle.” German Politics & Society 13, no. 4 (37) (1995): 110-27. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23736267.
Jewell, Nicole. 2019. “Derelict Building Is Wrapped in Tin Foil to Protest Lack of Affordable Housing in Warsaw…” Inhabitat.com. Inhabitat. February 6, 2019. https://inhabitat.com/derelict-building-is-wrapped-in-tin-foil-to-protest-lack-of-affordable-housing-in-warsaw/.
Monika Maron, “A Gigantic Plaything” [“Ein gigantisches Spielzeug”], Der Spiegel, July 3, 1995, pp. 24-25
Rogier, Francesca. “Growing Pains: From the Opening of the Wall to the Wrapping of the Reichstag.” Assemblage, no. 29 (1996): 44-71. doi:10.2307/3171394.
Scott, Nate. 2015. “Refuge of Last Resort: Five Days inside the Superdome for Hurricane Katrina.” For The Win. August 24, 2015. https://ftw.usatoday.com/2015/08/refuge-of-last-resort-five-days-inside-the-superdome-for-hurricane-katrina
Swartz, Anne. “Christo and Jeanne-Claude.” The Encyclopedia of Sculpture (2004): 317-320.
The New York Times. 2021. “An Emotional Recovery (Published 2006),” https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/26/sports/football/26saints.html.
The New York Times. 2021. “Christo Sets His Sights on Wrapping Reichstag (Published 1993),” https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/07/arts/christo-sets-his-sights-on-wrapping-reichstag.html.
The New York Times. 2021. “Wrapping the Reichstag: Christo Gets a Go-Ahead (Published 1994),” https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/26/arts/wrapping-the-reichstag-christo-gets-a-go-ahead.html.
“Christo and Jeanne-Claude.” Christojeanneclaude.net. 2021. https://christojeanneclaude.net/artworks/wrapped-reichstag/.
“SANAA’s Rippling Glass Façade Bookends ‘La Samaritaine’ Restoration.” 2019. Designboom | Architecture & Design Magazine. March 10, 2019. https://www.designboom.com/architecture/la-samaritaine-paris-sanaa-department-store-edouard-francois-hotel-03-10-2019/.
“The Public Art Project That Entranced Post-Cold War Berlin.” 2019. BBC News. June 12, 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/av/stories-48597551.
